THE SECOND PART

FIRST PROBLEM OF THE FORESHORTENED ARM

The extended arm, with these proportions and measurements above the line marked B. C. as seen from the side, is foreshortened in this presented figure into three perspectives, as follows: The first line from the front, marked A.B.; the second is shown from the side of the face, marked M. This displays the arm's view from the front, that is completed for a dress to arms, which may appear parallel perpendicular of the arm seen at length. C lines up with the diagonal line marked by two ends O. And observe from the external eye the reflection directly along the level lines. Understand how the said foreshortened arm, through the shadow, is like the line seen through the first arm at the intersection of these perpendicular lines in the previous lines at the level of view from the shoulder and the extent of the arm.

FIRST PROBLEM OF THE SHORTENED ARM

The elongated arm, with its correct proportions and measures on the aligned line, marked A.B.C., seen from the side, is foreshortened in this present figure through three lines, starting with the first traced from the front, marked by A. The second from the side of the chest, and seen from inside the arm, and the third, which is seen from the outer side of the arm, marked C. To make clear the direction, the perpendicular lines of the stretched arm according to its length, should be checked until the diagonal line marked at both ends O. And regard the reflexion of those rectangular lines, so that one may judge the shadows of the aforesaid arms: one must observe a consideration of these shadows, so that the sun gives direct light on the extended parts of the arms, which one must take into account in representing the man, and hence draw perpendicular lines as with the previous arms, as marked by the shadows. O indicates the shortened arms seen from the front, marked A & further marked C & which is visible from the eye marked C & also the others from the eye marked A. Consequently, by the intersection of these vertical lines proceeding above from the lateral occupant of the arm in reaching its shortened form from whichever side, the brachium straightens as one sees.

FIRST PROBLEM

or explanation over the foreshortening of the arms.

Also depicted with their given positions/shapes drawn with the said segments, A.B.C, when they show to augment the foreshortening is thus while projecting them. The illustration shows how to proceed with drawing and how the blessing from the lengthy contrives acts as a species. One technique highlighted to be avoided is that if one commits some or a breakage of the frame, the man painted in this style with detailed diversification within A. The sides and widths, marked with those of the eye B. Every drawing should come from the mind; how from outline that recedes in thought, apparent in complete drawn form C, sit supinely while the eye meets the countenance.

1. EXPLANATION ABOUT THE FORESHORTENING OF THE ARMS.

The extensions of arms, in their position and represented through A. B. C. as referred to on the face by sight, given the shortening in these imagined figures by clear divided forms, comes with a drawing marked with A. The arrangement runs here from the eye; sketched with B. One must combine shapes with fore districts of front and depicting method along the body for comparison, any premature advantage - every view as put further rapidly put finds The shades, highlighted with A. The order from showing arms maintains perspective nuances of equal importance. The depicted long laid is shown by B. It is given to the lines aligned with cells deemed any some perched perception with nearby nuance when drawn perpendicular above the ascending arm is seen; As suggested procedures of arms are also observable.

Translation Notes

'Foreshortened': A term used in art to describe the effect of perspective causing objects to appear shorter than they are because they are angled toward the viewer.

'Brachium': An anatomical term referring to the arm.