The Fourth Part.

Of the Art of Drawing and Painting,

Introduction: This is a report on the most artistic way to describe all sorts of images with various efforts, and how to use the manikin effectively for this purpose.

To the Reader.

I have addressed the shapes and proportions of natural humans, and therefore, what has been written sufficiently for the instruction of learners in the second and third parts. However, I found it necessary to succinctly write how to use these figures, which, without injury, can be created artistically. Although these are of no use otherwise and only serve to hide their appearance, many other countries use them keenly, making it necessary to know how they should be used for the intended purpose.

The Use of the Manikin.

A person is measured in length when they stand for a long time as a model and move well. Italian masters have thus devised a well-known method whereby models gain an overlay of perspective and lighting to appear alive. These serve as a reference for making sketches eagerly.

Usage:

No one can draw an image satisfactorily unless they can render shading effectively. The practiced method in Europe involves using certain polishing techniques and gauging proportion, particularly when copying. Techniques help artists consider angles and customize them. Furthermore, artists must practice capturing the body correctly so the manikin can resemble a live figure. Artists should also understand relationships within proportions to achieve realism.

Translation Notes:

- "Manikin" refers to a model used by artists to study human proportions.
- "Perspective and lighting" were significant techniques used by Renaissance artists to create volume and realism.