To the Reader

To gain a complete insight into the governance and practical activities of mankind in every condition and deed: This knowledge is acquired not only through portraying human figures in paintings and practicing sculpture and casting, but also through the mastery of all artistic techniques in working, lifting, carrying, walking, standing, running, wrestling, and other exercises as needed. In these pursuits, one reviews the perfections and proper uses of human parts. It's no wonder that certain flaws and imperfections also come to light. Indeed, in such dealings, one often strays into observations that are more allied with the healing arts or some office other than the painterly anatomy or human studies. One might even risk slandering a 'gossipy mouth' by unduly exposing traits. The skill developed here combines passions and actions and their mutual association in the same human being, thus permitting a natural judgment, even if these are merely fictional portrayals; obliging us to explore the different expressions of the face and features. Whether we express this or remain silent, the whole world must understand that the strongest stirrings of the spirit are often evident in the facial features, which although typically clear and defined, can confuse.