Muscles and Their Functions. 429

62. The Gemelli, these are two, thus they are also called Twins or Brothers. One springs from the innermost projection of the Thighbone (40), the other springs from the outer projection of the same (39). They align next to the Soleus which follows, lifting the Heel or pulling it downwards: Together these two Gemelli form the calf of the Leg, as can be seen in Images B.C.

63. Soleus or Flatfish Muscle, this is located beneath the aforementioned Gemelli and together they form a strong Tendon, and implant themselves in the heels, to allow for lifting, as mentioned of the Gemelli. It extends from the combination of the Shinbone (44) and the flesh of the Calf-bone (45). See Images B. and C.

64. The Transverse Ligament or Foot Band. See Images A. B.

And these are the most prominent visible Muscles deemed necessary for the Painter and Art Practitioner to present, corresponding to those mostly seen in life: We do not find it necessary to investigate the other internal muscles, or those hidden below the surface. Those who wish to examine them precisely, should consult the books of Spiegelius Bartholinus, van der Gragt, some Illustrations, and others that are well-known among Physicians and Surgeons; but most importantly, for Life itself.

And now we shall also indicate with some examples how the aforementioned knowledge of muscles can benefit the Painter in expressing the Actions and Movements of Figures, as

Translation Notes

- "Gemelli" is kept in its original form here as it refers to a specific muscle group often known in English as the "Calf Muscles."
- "Platvis-Spier" is translated as "Flatfish Muscle" though it refers to the Soleus muscle specifically.
- The term "Konst-Oeffenaar" is translated as "Art Practitioner."