DRAWING.

Shaded with the pencil: this rolled paper is called a stump. It is also made from rolled chamois skin: one can even use red chalk powder or another pencil, with the end of the stump, to create shades for shading, as one would with a brush: then one retouches with the pencil for stronger effects.

Method of Shading by Hatching with the Pencil.

The method of shading by hatching is done by drawing strokes or hatches that overlap each other in different directions until you have achieved enough strength as needed: being careful, however, in cross-hatching not to intersect the lines too much, as that would make the drawing too harsh and unattractive. Therefore, when it is necessary to place two hatches over each other, they should never intersect at right angles, but the second layer should be laid diagonally so its gaps form little diamonds with the first layer. We will not delve here into further details on the method for arranging lines and hatches, which has been extensively discussed in the Treatise on Etching and Engraving, which was newly edited a few years ago.

One must get accustomed to easily hatching with the pencil in all directions, without having to rotate the paper each time, and always with a thick pencil, even for fine hatches used in light areas, always assuming one is drawing large, which is absolutely necessary, as we have just said, if one wishes to make any progress in this Art. Thus, one must develop the habit of using this method.