Drawing.

They then enhance with a brush and white, and sometimes they highlight only using the white pencil, by crosshatching over the wash.

Some outline with the pen, lightly shading the shadows, then they soften everything with one or several shades of Chinese ink. One can also use a wash with pure bistre, which creates different shades. Others finally outline with sanguine or red chalk, then shade with bistre, or even a diluted sanguine in water. After a drawing has been washed, it can be retouched with a pen on the shadow side and some hatching lines can be added, or, instead of the pen, retouch it with a pencil.

We will not discuss here the wash of plans, which is usually done with pure Chinese ink. Other colors like carmine, ultramarine, gamboge, fluid verdigris, bistre, india ink or indigo, bladder green, iris green, Prussian blue, and vermilion are also used, chosen according to what is being represented; but as this method of drawing pertains only to fortification works, we refer the reader to authors who have specifically written on this subject, such as Messrs. Buchotte, Dupain, etc.

Drawings with the pen.

It seems that the pen suits better those who already draw easily than beginners, because every stroke counts, and they cannot

Translation Notes

- *Bistre*: A brown pigment made from soot; used in artistic wash drawings.

- *Sanguine*: A reddish-brown chalk or crayon used in drawing.

- *Chinese ink*: Often refers to traditional Asian ink made from soot and animal glue.

- *Gamboge*: A yellow pigment made from tree resin.

- *Bladder green*: A historical pigment, likely green obtained from plant sources. Also known as *green of river*.