The text explains the proportions and positioning of facial features and head angles in drawing. It details how certain features, like the neck and eyebrow, relate in size and alignment, including considerations for different head positions. The guidance includes observations on how the head's inclination affects the lines of operation used in drawing.
The eyebrow is placed more or less high.
From the chin to the neck attachment there is the same dimension as from the chin to the top of the upper lip, or one part less a sixth: thus CE is equal to Cn.
The width of the neck is equal to two parts for women, and slightly more than two parts for men. A slightly thick neck indicates a man's strength. Thus EL equals Ce. The length of the neck is equal to one and a half parts; thus NE is equal to Cn.
The highest point of the top of the head viewed in profile is always above the ear.
If the head is tilted forward or backward, the proportions remain the same: it should only be noted that the transverse operational lines should always form a right angle with the main vertical operational line. Thus, in figure 1, lines ab, b1, eF form the perfect cross, meeting the CG line at a right angle; or in figure 2, lines ab, CD, EF, GH, meet the AB line at right angles. In figure 3, lines ab, CD, EF, GH, meet the AB line at right angles. Similarly, lines DE, LM, PO, of figures 1, 2, and 3, are parallel to lines Dee, CE, CE, which form the top of the nose of each of these heads.
A head is said to be well connected when these rules are observed. If one of these lines does not form a right angle with the main operational line, the head would not be well connected.
The lines PG of figure 2, and AL of figure 3, represent the plumb lines used to find the inclination of these heads.
It should also be noted that, assuming the head is looking straight ahead, the line that determines the profile of the eyeball is almost parallel to the main operational line. It deviates a little at the base, so jp, figure 1, is almost parallel to GG; lm, figure 2, is almost parallel to AB. In figure 3, the eye looks up: then the line df deviates upwards from the main operational line, meaning point d is farther from AB than point f.
Once the places and dimensions are found, the organs are drawn in these places.
Plate 12 represents the same figures as seen, plate 11; but in the latter the organs are drawn: only, in figure 3 of this plate 12, the figure represents the mouth open, a natural movement when the head is tilted back to look up. In this case, the head is always divided into four; but then the chin is lowered by the same amount the mouth is opened, because in this movement, it is the lower jaw that lowers, and the upper jaw remains in place. Therefore, the chin is lowered by a dimension ab, equal to op, opening of the mouth.
Tilted Side Profile
Previously (plate 4, fig.2, page 28) we saw that a circle placed horizontally, when found at eye level, presents a straight line. The more it rises above the eye, the more it becomes curved; the more it descends below the eye, the more it becomes curved in the opposite direction to the previous circle.
The head being spherical, the operational lines of the eyes, nose, mouth, etc., become as many circles.
When the head is straight and placed approximately at the eye level of the viewer, the operational lines present straight lines. If, on the contrary, the head is tilted to the side, as represented in figures 1 and 2 of plate 13, these operational lines become as many circles, which are placed obliquely, and in this position, these lines have a very pronounced curvature.
We begin with the figure tilted to the right side.
Having found the movement and the mass of the head by the means indicated plate 10, fig. 1,
* For all these varying proportions, they are compared on the pencil holder with one of the parts of the head.