Ex

a line LB which divides the back of the nose into two unequal parts. In this position, the underside of the nose cannot be seen, and consequently, lines A to B and D seen in Figures 10 and 11 are not visible. However, this line also exists in Figure 12; if the tip of the nose were transparent, this line would be represented by line Bk (Fig. 12).

When drawing a three-quarter view from below, having found its lengths and widths by comparison, one must model it as shown in Fig. 3. The downward-facing nose (fig. 13) must be modeled like the one represented in fig. 14. Once sure about the mass, one looks for the subtlety of the shapes.

Noses represented in figures 15 and 16 are small three-quarter views seen as in fig. 8, with the difference that they belong to heads tilted backward. The one shown in fig. 17 belongs to a downward-facing head: it's the same principle as for the noses in figs. 10, 11, and 12. The noses in figures 15 and 16 are modeled like the nose in figure 18.

The nose in fig. 17 belongs to a head leaning forward and is modeled like the one in fig. 14. Fig. 19 shows a nose seen in lost profile; the swelling of the cheek hides part of the wing of the nose. Fig. 20 shows a nose seen from a very small three-quarter view, belonging to a head tilted backward and simultaneously tilted to its right.

Fig. 21 shows an extremely tilted head backward and to its right. To draw this nose well, one uses the method shown for fig. 5, and to draw the eye on the small side, one must imagine the nose translucent to draw the eye, then erase what should not be seen.

Fig. 22 shows the nose of a head extremely leaning to its left and forward. In this position, the tip of the nose covers the mouth; to draw this nose, use the same operations as for the noses in figs. 6, 7, 12, 14, and 17.

III. THE MOUTH.

Proportions of the mouth.

We have already mentioned that the opening of the mouth, or the line formed by the junction of the two lips, is situated at the upper third of the distance from the nose to the chin, in the first section.

The greatest width of the mouth is equal to two-thirds of a section, or the distance from the nose to the chin. Here, plate 19, fig. 1, AB is equal to two-thirds of a section. The thickness of the upper lip is equal to one-third of the distance from the nose to the opening of the mouth and is equal to one-third of Bd. The thickness of the lower lip equals half of the distance from the nose to the mouth opening; la equals half of ap, or cb equals half of Bd.

The upper lip is hollowed by a sub-nasal gutter, commonly called a nasal gutter. The edges of this gutter form two slightly curved protrusions strongly illuminated. The large outline line divides two equally wide sections, the width of the mouth, and the nasal gutter. Here this line passes through points p, b, a, l.

Fig. 2 represents the mass of a mouth seen from the front; and here is how one should draw this mass. In the indicated width, and by the point that determines the placement of the mouth, a line more or less curved is drawn according to the action or character of this mouth. Care is taken to place half of this width on one side of the outline line, half on the other: this line is represented here by line CD. Through the points determining the upper and lower lip's thickness, two small curved lines are drawn indicating the height of these two lips.

Here we have divided the mouth seen from the front (fig. 1) into four equal parts by vertical lines

Translation Notes

1. "Modeled": This refers to the way one shapes or represents the form.

2. "Sub-nasal gutter": This term is used to describe an anatomical feature below the nose, commonly referred to in anatomy as the philtrum.