representing the total height of a figure. We thought it would be easier to verify the proportions on the scale.

Let's take for example figure 1 from plate 21.

From the bottom of the chin below the nipples or pectorals, there is a height of a head. Here EF equals CE, height of the head or one eighth of the scale AB. From point F, below the pectorals, to the navel, or umbilicus, there is a head. From point G, at the base of the pelvis, to point H, there is a head.

In the length of the thigh, that is, from point H to point L; below the knee, there are two heads.

From point L, below the knee, below the calf, there is a head or half of the height of the leg. LI, height of the calf, covers half of LD, height of the leg.

The length of the neck is equal to one and a half parts or a quarter and a half of the head.

The distance from one shoulder to the other, represented here by the line JN, is equal to two head lengths. The length of the arm taken from above the shoulder to the bend or fold of the arm, is one and a half head lengths: taken below the arm, there is only one head length. Here the length US is equal to a head length. From the bend of the arm to the wrist joint, here from point S to point V, there is a head, From point V to the fingertips, there is a head length. The length of the wrist covers one part, from V to m, and the hand three parts, from m to the fingertips.

The length of the arm taken from point U below the arm, is therefore equal to three head lengths, as much in the other arm which makes six, two longer arms in the entire width of the shoulders; total eight head lengths: hence it follows that, when the arms are extended in the arm position YYZ, the distance from the end of one hand to the other is equal to the entire height of the figure.

If the arm is bent like the left arm of figure 1, there is more length from the top of the arm to the elbow, than from above to the fold. The thickness of the arm in this area is the difference. HT is therefore longer than gp.

The width of the neck is equal to two parts or half of the height, of the head. The length of one shoulder to the other, seen from the front, is equal to two head lengths.

The width of the waist, at the thinnest point, is equal to a head length, plus one eighth. Here the space KO is equal to a head length, plus one eighth. At the widest point, that is to say at the pelvis, there is a width of one and a half heads and sometimes three quarters. Here PR equals six and a half parts.

The arm, at the attachment point, is slightly less than two parts wide. Here g equals one part and three quarters. Above the fold, the arm has one and a half parts and above the parts of the handles. Here k equals two parts, plus a small quarter. The wrist width equals one part: here im equals one part. The hand has a width of one part or sometimes one and a half parts.

The width of the thigh, at the widest point, is equal to three parts. In the middle, two and a half parts wide and two parts at the knee. Here a equals two parts.

The leg, below the knee, is two parts minus one eighth; at the calf, two parts plus one quarter; above the ankle, one part. Here a c d equals two parts, one quarter and one part.

Proportions of a figure seen in profile.

The proportions of a figure seen in profile differ from those of a figure seen from the front only in a few widths.

The width of the chest, taken from the pectorals to the shoulder, is equal to five parts. Here, fig. 2, AB equals one head and one part.

The width of the waist, at its thinnest point, equals one head at most, CD equals almost one head. The width of the arm, at its attachment, that is to say at its strongest part, is a little more than two parts. Below the fold, this width equals one part plus two-thirds: pr equals one.