Maxims and Service of the

The upper back and shoulders have little specific function; they mostly serve to complete the form of the human image and to set certain bones in place. Generally, the upper back and shoulders are capable of bearing loads, providing the human body with a good form above the waist, whether broad or slender. It is said that broad shoulders are a sign of a devout and bold man, and Plato was known for his broad shoulders. Large shoulders themselves are a sign of a strong body. Although those with small and delicate shoulders are considered intellectually strong, they are somewhat effeminate. Hard, firm shoulders demonstrate virtue, though plump shoulders are rarely praised. Raised shoulders were also considered a sign of a lively spirit.

The buttocks serve as two soft, fleshy cushions for the human to sit on easily. The entire lower back serves to let one lie down comfortably. Although lying half on one's side was considered easier and healthier, it minimized pressure on the bowels: because leaning forward made the chest roomier and facilitated lighter breathing. Similarly, those with short chests cannot lie well on the back, but find better comfort leaning forward or sitting. The ancients have said that lying on or sleeping on the stomach is healthy, but not always serviceable for building strength. Of a man who slouched early, it is commonly said, though some may differ, "He has laid too much on his nose." The unfit hips and those who prefer to speak slovenly rather than craft, refer to the buttocks, either with